A Geopolitical Analysis of Indicators of Democratic Transformation in Iraq (Indicator of the Supremacy of Democratic Political Culture as a Model)*
Zahra Mousa Umran, Lateef Kamil Klioy
Political culture is defined as a set of prevailing knowledge, trends, and opinions in matters of governance, politics, authority, the state, belonging, loyalty, participation, and legitimacy. It is a system of beliefs, symbols, and values that define the way a particular society sees the appropriate role of government, the controls that govern this role, and the relationship between the governed and the ruler. Political culture is part of Public culture consists of the culture of the political elite, and the culture of women, workers, and youth. It is the true system of the political process, thanks to which the people and authority are subject to the determinants of the existing political system. Many forces and factors influence the formation of the political culture in Iraqi society. The political culture in Iraq before 2003 suffered from the process of great curtailment followed by the previous Iraqi political regime. It worked to instill a culture of loyalty and submission to the regime’s policy, in addition to its use of coercive methods for the purpose of suppressing any An attempt to introduce political ideas or practices aimed at sharing power, which resulted in the consolidation of a culture of loyalty and submission to the political system and non-opposition to it. However, after April 9, 2003, the nature of the political system changed from a totalitarian system to a democratic system, and from a one-party system to a multi-party system. Here, the Iraqi citizen found a wide space to exercise political freedoms and rights, and it provided an opportunity for the development of a culture of political participation instead of a culture of submission. There are also several influences that affect the formation of political culture in Iraq, including tribal influence and ideological influence (religious, political, national, and socialist).
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Keywords: Political culture, Tribe, Religious ideology, National ideology
